Python应用非常广泛，人工智能领域、自动化、Web开发中都有着不错的生态支持。

在Web开发领域，Djang和Flask作为目前主流的Web框架社区热度非常高，Django比Flask体积大很多，可以搭建大型的Web应用服务器，所以最近也在学这个框架。

其实Django东西并不多，相反写起来有点复杂。Django REST framework（后面简称DRF）就出现了，以RESTful作为接口命名规范，在操作数据时加入序列化器简化数据校验，字段返回等操作，封装视图层简化接口编写和参数返回，提供认证、权限、限流、过滤、排序、分页、异常处理、API接口文档等组件，功能非常强大，可以说仅仅Django是一个基石，DRF才是真正的开发必备。

下面从0到1，总结自己学习DRF的过程。

  • Django REST framework 入门
  • Django REST framework 序列化器
  • Django REST framework 请求响应 视图 路由
  • Django REST framework 八大组件

环境准备

  • Windows 10

  • Python 3.6

  • Mysql 5.7

  • Django 3.2

  • Pycharm 2019.3

安装好Python3.6后，安装pipenv做虚拟环境，以后的库就放在虚拟环境

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Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.18363.1556]
(c) 2019 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
# 创建env目录作为虚拟环境地址
D:\Environment\env>dir
 驱动器 D 中的卷是 Program
 卷的序列号是 654B-777A

 D:\Environment\env 的目录

2022/03/24  09:56    <DIR>          .
2022/03/24  09:56    <DIR>          ..
               0 个文件              0 字节
               2 个目录 283,803,500,544 可用字节
# 安装pipenv
D:\Environment\env>pip install pipenv
Looking in indexes: http://pypi.douban.com/simple
Requirement already satisfied: pipenv in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (2022.1.8)
Requirement already satisfied: virtualenv-clone>=0.2.5 in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from pipenv) (0.5.7)
Requirement already satisfied: certifi in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from pipenv) (2021.10.8)
Requirement already satisfied: pip>=18.0 in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from pipenv) (21.3.1)
Requirement already satisfied: virtualenv in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from pipenv) (20.13.3)
Requirement already satisfied: setuptools>=36.2.1 in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from pipenv) (59.6.0)
Requirement already satisfied: importlib-metadata>=0.12 in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from virtualenv->pipenv) (4.8.3)
Requirement already satisfied: importlib-resources>=1.0 in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from virtualenv->pipenv) (5.4.0)
Requirement already satisfied: platformdirs<3,>=2 in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from virtualenv->pipenv) (2.4.0)
Requirement already satisfied: filelock<4,>=3.2 in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from virtualenv->pipenv) (3.4.1)
Requirement already satisfied: six<2,>=1.9.0 in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from virtualenv->pipenv) (1.11.0)
Requirement already satisfied: distlib<1,>=0.3.1 in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from virtualenv->pipenv) (0.3.4)
Requirement already satisfied: typing-extensions>=3.6.4 in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from importlib-metadata>=0.12->virtualenv->pipenv) (4.1.1)
Requirement already satisfied: zipp>=0.5 in d:\python3.6\lib\site-packages (from importlib-metadata>=0.12->virtualenv->pipenv) (3.6.0)

D:\Environment\env>pipenv graph
Warning: No virtualenv has been created for this project yet! Consider running `pipenv install` first to automatically generate one for you or see `pipenv install --help` for further instructions.
# 安装Django，不加版本就是默认最新版
D:\Environment\env>pipenv install django
Creating a virtualenv for this project...
Pipfile: D:\Environment\env\Pipfile
Using D:/python3.6/python.exe (3.6.2) to create virtualenv...
[   =] Creating virtual environment...created virtual environment CPython3.6.2.final.0-64 in 3139ms
  creator CPython3Windows(dest=C:\Users\Luffy\.virtualenvs\env-cX5X2ZN8, clear=False, no_vcs_ignore=False, global=False)
  seeder FromAppData(download=False, pip=bundle, setuptools=bundle, wheel=bundle, via=copy, app_data_dir=C:\Users\Luffy\AppData\Local\pypa\virtualenv)
    added seed packages: pip==21.3.1, setuptools==59.6.0, wheel==0.37.1
  activators BashActivator,BatchActivator,FishActivator,NushellActivator,PowerShellActivator,PythonActivator

Successfully created virtual environment!
Virtualenv location: C:\Users\Luffy\.virtualenvs\env-cX5X2ZN8
Creating a Pipfile for this project...
Installing django...
Adding django to Pipfile's [packages]...
Installation Succeeded
Pipfile.lock not found, creating...
Locking [dev-packages] dependencies...
Locking [packages] dependencies...
 Locking...Building requirements...
Resolving dependencies...
Success!
Updated Pipfile.lock (85c883)!
Installing dependencies from Pipfile.lock (85c883)...
  ================================ 0/0 - 00:00:00
To activate this project's virtualenv, run pipenv shell.
Alternatively, run a command inside the virtualenv with pipenv run.
# 查看虚拟环境中安装的库
D:\Environment\env>pipenv graph
Django==3.2.12
  - asgiref [required: >=3.3.2,<4, installed: 3.4.1]
    - typing-extensions [required: Any, installed: 4.1.1]
  - pytz [required: Any, installed: 2022.1]
  - sqlparse [required: >=0.2.2, installed: 0.4.2]
# 进入虚拟环境
D:\Environment\env>pipenv shell
Launching subshell in virtual environment...
Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.18363.1556]
(c) 2019 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。
# 查看虚拟环境实际位置
(env-cX5X2ZN8) D:\Environment\env>pipenv --venv
C:\Users\Luffy\.virtualenvs\env-cX5X2ZN8

(env-cX5X2ZN8) D:\Environment\env>

创建项目

直接使用pipenv创建Django项目，然后用PyCharm打开即可

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(env-cX5X2ZN8) D:\Environment\env>django-admin startproject drfdemo

(env-cX5X2ZN8) D:\Environment\env>dir
 驱动器 D 中的卷是 Program
 卷的序列号是 654B-777A

 D:\Environment\env 的目录

2022/03/24  10:53    <DIR>          .
2022/03/24  10:53    <DIR>          ..
2022/03/24  10:53    <DIR>          drfdemo
2022/03/24  10:51               151 Pipfile
2022/03/24  10:51             2,069 Pipfile.lock
               2 个文件          2,220 字节
               3 个目录 283,753,816,064 可用字节

(env-cX5X2ZN8) D:\Environment\env>

在 settings.py 中导入os包，启动Django项目，即可在浏览器中看到启动成功

常规配置

语言和时区

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LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans'

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

关掉csrf防御

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# 'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',

数据库 

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DATABASES = {    
    'default': {        
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',        
        'HOST': '127.0.0.1',        
        'PORT': 3306,        
        'USER': 'root',        
        'PASSWORD': '123456',        
        'NAME': 'drf'    
    }
}

连接MySql还需要下载库

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pipenv install pymysql

在主项目下的 __init__.py中加入连接数据库配置

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import pymysql
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()

基本上到现在，一个Django项目的常用配置就好了

创建应用

创建一个students的应用

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python manage.py startapp students

注册应用到 settings.py中去

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INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'students',
]

编写model类

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from django.db import models

class Student(models.Model):
    SEX_OPTION = (
        (0,'保密'),
        (1,'男'),
        (2,'女'),
    )
    name = models.CharField(max_length=20,verbose_name='姓名',help_text='姓名')
    age  = models.SmallIntegerField(verbose_name='年龄',help_text='年龄')
    sex = models.SmallIntegerField(choices=SEX_OPTION,verbose_name='性别',help_text='性别，0->保密，1->男，2->女，')
    classmate = models.CharField(db_column='classmate',max_length=13,verbose_name='班级',help_text='班级')
    description = models.TextField(null=True,blank=True,verbose_name='个性签名',help_text='个性签名，可以为空')

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'db_student'
        verbose_name = '学生信息'
        verbose_name_plural = verbose_name

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迁移模型
python manage.py makemigrations
数据导入
python manage.py migrate

打卡数据库，可以发现我们刚刚创建的表，对于字段的一些配置参数，就不解释了，可以查看官网model的编写

通过下面命令，创建超级管理员，可以用于登录django自带的管理员界面

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python manage.py createsuperuser

测试接口

简单编写一个测试接口，测试与数据库是否连接成功

drfdemo/urls.py

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urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('stu/', include('students.urls')),
]

students/urls.py

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urlpatterns = [
    path('test/',StudentsViews.test),
]

views.py

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class StudentsViews(View):
    def test(self):
        stus =  Student.objects.all()
        for stu in stus:
            print(f'姓名：{stu.name}')
            print(f'姓名：{stu.age}')
            print(f'姓名：{stu.sex}')
        # print(f'QuerrySet：{stu}')
        return JsonResponse(data={'msg':'ok'})

请求结果，打印在控制台：

vytmwj.png

测试通过

整合DRF

DRF简化Django的操作，没有DRF，Django也能完成，只是编码会复杂一些，这里整合DRF做一个简单的例子，先不用理解里面的内容。

安装依赖

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pipenv install djangorestframework django-filter

把组件加入到setting.py中

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'rest_framework',
'django_filters',

编写序列化器

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class StudentModelSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Student
        # 序列化字段
        # 全部
        fields = '__all__'
        # 一个一个写
        # fields =['id','name']

urls.py

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path('stu/',StudentsGenericAPIView.as_view()),

views.py

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class StudentsGenericAPIView(GenericAPIView):
    queryset = Student.objects.all()
    serializer_class = StudentModelSerializer

    def get(self, request):
        '''
        获取多条数据
        :param request:
        :return:
        '''
        # 获取模型对象列表，实例化序列化器对象
        serializer = self.serializer_class(instance=self.get_queryset(), many=True)
        # 返回序列化的数据列表
        return Response(serializer.data)

测试结果

可以发现，自带页面，而且以json格式返回，写过Django的同学知道要是没用DRF，返回json格式是特别痛苦的一件事，要取出来遍历放入字典再返回，但是用了DRF通过序列化器，就直接能返回json数据，特别方便！